abstract 25 The objective of this work was to characterize trends over time in urinary
excretion of 4-(methylnitros-26 amino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) among cigarette …

The objective of this work was to characterize trends over time in urinary excretion of 4-
(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) among cigarette smokers in the US. We …

Introduction: Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals, including known
carcinogens, such as tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). TSNA levels in cigarettes vary …

Background: The tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-
butanone (NNK) is a powerful pulmonary carcinogen in rodents, and it is believed to be a …

B142 Gritz et al.(Cancer Epi Biom Prev 16: 859, 2007) call for increased research to reduce
risk of lung cancer in smokers, but do not mention question of safer cigarettes, which offer …

Introduction The tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are an important group of
carcinogens found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. To describe and characterize the levels …

The tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a
metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 …

This paper characterizes historical and current tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) levels in
mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke of US commercial cigarettes. To conduct this analysis, we …

Background Modification of tobacco curing methods and other changes in cigarette
manufacturing techniques could substantially reduce the levels of tobacco-specific …

Smoking has long been recognized as a hugely serious public health issue. The effects of
secondhand smoke have been attached great attention by health agencies worldwide over …