Sex is a biological concept determined at conception. Gender is a social concept. Medicine
recognises sex as a biological variable and recommends including sex as a factor in clinical …

Sex differences in respiratory function | European Respiratory Society Skip to main content
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Breathing is a vital behavior that ensures both the adequate supply of oxygen and the
elimination of CO 2, and it is influenced by many factors. Despite that most of the studies in …

Highlights•Sex has a significant effect on respiratory system structure and function.•Women
have proportionally smaller lungs and airways than men.•Men and women's rib-cages and …

Gender diVerences in airway behaviour and in the clinical manifestations of airway disease
occur throughout the human life span and are related to biological as well as sociocultural …

Sex differences in the biology of different organ systems and the influence of sex hormones
in modulating health and disease are increasingly relevant in clinical and research areas …

Accumulating evidence suggests that gender impacts the incidence, susceptibility and
severity of several lung diseases. Gender also influences lung development and physiology …

Accumulating evidence suggests that gender affects the incidence, susceptibility and
severity of several lung diseases. Gender also influences lung development and physiology …

Sex differences in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system have been widely
reported. These intrinsic sex differences have also been shown to modulate the …

In this review, we detail how the pulmonary system9s response to exercise is impacted by
both sex and gender in healthy humans across the lifespan. First, the rationale for why sex …