Behavioural flexibility is often treated as the gold standard of evidence for more
sophisticated or complex forms of animal cognition, such as planning, metacognition and …

Stephen Jay Gould [1, 2] argued that replaying the 'tape of life'would result in radically
different evolutionary outcomes. Gould's 'radical contingency thesis' focused primarily on …

We agree with Roth and Dicke [1] that a focus on behavioral flexibility can provide useful
operational measures of intelligence [2]. However, we would like to raise a number of issues …

Cognitive flexibility is a core component of executive function, a suite of cognitive capacities
that enables individuals to update their behavior in dynamic environments. Human …

The study of intelligence has, for several decades, focused on the primate lineage. This
focus is based on an assumption that the most recent common ancestor of humans and …

Reader, Sol and Lefebvre [1] agree with us that 'behavioral flexibility'is a useful operational
measure of intelligence, although this notion covers rather heterogeneous cognitive abilities …

Recent years have seen acknowledgment from a number of researchers that similarities
appear to exist in complex cognitive skills of distantly related species–most notably in …

Flexible problem-solving has long been revered as a hallmark of human ingenuity. Our
global expansion and the sheer diversity of contemporaneous human cultures is a testament …

Renewed interest in the field of comparative cognition over the past 30 years has led to a
renaissance in our thinking of how cognition evolved. Here, we review historical and …

Uncovering the neural correlates and evolutionary drivers of behavioral and cognitive traits
has been held back by traditional perspectives on which correlations to look for—in …