Opioid receptors comprise μ (MOP), δ (DOP), κ (KOP), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP)
receptors. Opioids are agonists of MOP, DOP, and KOP receptors, whereas …

Endogenous opioids are synthesized in vivo to modulate pain mechanisms and
inflammatory pathways. Endogenous and exogenous opioids mediate analgesia in …

This review summarizes recent findings on neuro-immune mechanisms underlying opioid-
mediated inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured tissues …

Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of
both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and …

It is recently become clear that activated immune cells and immune-like glial cells can
dramatically alter neuronal function. By increasing neuronal excitability, these non-neuronal …

Opioids were originally discovered because of their ability to induce analgesia, but further
investigation has shown that the opioids regulate the function of cells involved in the …

Mu-opioid receptors (MORs) are crucial for analgesia by both exogenous and endogenous
opioids. However, the distinct mechanisms underlying these two types of opioid analgesia …

The analgesic property of opiates has been known since ancient times. Only recently has an
appreciation of the broad effects of opioids on the inflammatory response emerged. Acting …

A major challenge in medicine is developing potent pain therapies without the adverse
effects of opiates. Neuroinflammation and in particular microglial activation have been …

Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system as well
as in numerous nonneuronal tissues. Both animal models and human clinical data support …