For decades, itch related to chronic kidney disease (CKDaP) has been a clinical problem,
but the aetiology and pathophysiology of CKDaP are still not yet fully understood—currently …

Mechanisms of endogenous pain control are significant. Increasing studies have clearly
produced evidence for the clinical usefulness of opioids in peripheral analgesia. The …

The role of inflammation in nervous system injury and disease is attracting increased
attention. Much of that research has focused on microglia in the central nervous system …

Opioids are widely used for the treatment of severe pain. However, it is also known that
opioids, in particular morphine, cause immunosuppression. Therefore, their use may …

This chapter reviews the expression and regulation of opioid receptors in sensory neurons
and the interactions of these receptors with endogenous and exogenous opioid ligands …

Leukocytes counteract inflammatory pain by releasing opioid peptides, which bind to opioid
receptors on peripheral sensory neurons. In the early phase of inflammation …

Although opioids are highly effective analgesics, they are also known to induce cellular
adaptations resulting in tolerance. Experimental studies are often performed in the absence …

Opiates lack potent analgesic efficacy in neuropathic pain although it is now generally
accepted that the poor effect of these drugs reflects a reduction in their potency. Reduction of …

Opioid-containing leukocytes can counteract inflammatory hyperalgesia. Under stress or
after local injection of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), opioid peptides are released from …

A role of neuropeptides in neuropathic pain development has been implicated; however, the
neuroimmune interactions that are involved in the underlying mechanisms may be more …