… GE insect resistant crops have been grown on a large scale … prey/hosts, provide shelter and
refuge, alter the microclimate and … for cultivation is the Bt maize event MON810 that produces …

… agencies require that insect resistance management (IRM) … refuge seed is mixed with Bt-corn
seed for planting (“refuge-in-a-… Fitness costs of Bt resistance in European corn borer appear …

… rates, recorded every day throughout the larval development … on both integrated pest and
insect resistance management. … deployment of Bt corn traits and what modality of refuge may …

… , which will inevitably reduce the role of natural refuges; therefore… , and further promote the
sustainable use of Bt crops. … 6.7–10.7%, thus greatly reducing the cost of pest control [87]. The …

… applying fitness costs to more effectively delay resistance is … viruses) to refuges to magnify
fitness costs of Bt resistance. Past … costs in counterbalancing the selective force from Bt maize …

… rates and leaf injury than multiple insecticide sprays, … be incorporated into insect resistance
management (IRM) … challenge for the seed mixture refuge strategy in Bt maize: impact of cross…

… This thesis also concluded that the use of separate refuges … to ensure the sustainable use
of Bt maize in African countries … price-takers (ie they are unable to determine the asking price …

… Bt maize and managing pest resistance to Bt maize is probably not adequate. To increase
the sustainability of Bt maize, we propose mandated refuges … costs associated with resistance …

… applications per season, inappropriate timing and rates of … efficient use of insecticides and
to prolong the sustainable use … the high-dose/refuge resistance management strategy [63,64]. …

… Insect resistance management (IRM) programs have … Costs that have been associated
with resistance to Bt toxins … time among insects that developed from non-Bt and from Bt maize …