… refuge may provide an effective insecticide resistance … of non-Bt refuge for every 50 hectares
of Bt corn planted in cotton-… survival rates were as low as 63% on ears of maternal non-Bt …

… of insect resistance to Bt crops is the fitness costs that may be … Where fitness costs are
associated with resistance, refuges … strategies for the sustainable use of the Bt technology. There …

… a high-dose refuge strategy, wherein the Bt toxin is expressed … and Cry2 toxins in Bt corn
and Bt cotton, Vip3A provides … We therefore believe that the costs of a sweet corn sentinel …

… that could lead to reduced decomposition rates in the soil.[118] … followed to promote the
sustainable use of Bt crops. This is of … of resistance management and refuge compliance, as well …

… caterpillars were more abundant in non-Bt refuge areas (Fig. 3a… , on the other hand, were
more abundant in the reproductive … -Bt refuges in the insect resistance management programs (…

… for Bt-resistant strains fed Bt and non-Bt corn or Bt and non-Bt … fitness costs in refuges [32,59].
Accordingly, differences in … The role of landscapes in insect resistance management. In …

… Intensive insecticide usage is undoubtedly cost prohibitive … Insect resistance management
(IRM) practices have been … as planting of non-Bt corn refuge. While H. zea remains a minor …

… cost, which can be utilized in the pest control. Howr ever, fitness … plant Bt corn while leaving
enough area for nonrBt corn refuge. … Blended refuge and insect resistance manr agement for …

… refuge has been used in the US Corn Belt for Bt corn insect … The other three refuge rates
(10-30%) evaluated in this study … in insects is critical for the sustainability use of Bt crop …

… , the implementation of insect resistance management (IRM) … that resistant larvae (Figure 4A)
caused significantly more … on Bt maize plants than on non-Bt maize plants in the refuge area…