… PENK-derived opioid peptides are produced by immune cells. These immune-derived opioid
… significant antinociception in animals and humans [14-16]. Synergistic action of exogenous …

… peripheral role for opioids in inflammatory pain has been demonstrated through immune-derived
opioid … with a reduction in immune-derived antinociception: reversible by donor …

… pain through activation of opioid receptors on sensory nerves by immune-derived opioid
peptides. … Peripheral mechanisms of intrinsic opioid antinociception are based on neuroimmune …

… models known to have clinical activation of the peripheral immune-derived opioid response.
… dependency of the antinociceptive actions, the peripheral opioid receptor antagonist, …

… with studies demonstrating that opioid peptides are produced … Indeed, such immunederived
opioids [predominantly (-… for the previously unexplained peripheral antinociceptive actions of …

… -specific activators of opioid peptide release ( 1 ). The release of these immune-derived
opioid peptides produces antinociceptive responses in inflamed tissue that are opioid receptor-…

… They activate peripheral opioid receptors and produce … from leukocytes and of analgesia
by immune-derived opioids. … in antinociception mediated by β-endorphin and neuronal …

… μ-opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptive … antinociceptive effects of BLF were regulated
by opioid receptor-mediated mechanisms in addition to involvement of another antinociceptive …

… cells (PMN) are the predominant opioid-containing leukocyte … important for peripheral
opioid-mediated antinociception at this … inflammation peripheral opioid-mediated antinociception …

… Opioid receptors (OR) are widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Opioid
antinociception … outside the CNS, indicating targeting of peripheral OR could be useful in the …