… best landscape configuration of refuge areas within a Bt sugarcane environment to combat
resistance development in the target pest… of dispersal rates on how effective refuge strategies …

… to the sustainable use of Bt crops.2, 3 A refuge strategy of … for insect resistance management
(IRM).3-6 With the initial commercialization of Bt corn in the US in 1996, a structured refuge …

… sustainable, cost-effective to produce and resistant to insect pests. … Like Bt cotton, Bt maize
has recorded higher yields … planted Bt cotton cultivars without planting refuges but supplied …

… with insect resistance to GMO (genetically modified organism) … cost to individuals carrying
the resistance allele in refuge … individuals are more abundant than RR insects (Dangal and …

… crops, Bt cotton (C 3 ) and non-Bt corn (C 4 ; a putative refuge). ‘… We find asynchrony in
phenology leads to high rates of … most successful Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) …

… can lead to the sustainable use of cotton across the globe. … costs and incidences of pesticide
poisoning, and better pest … the refuge strategy by prior mixing the Bt and non-Bt seeds. In …

… /refuge” strategy is crucial for pest resistance management [6]… mortality rates after 7 d and 14
d were related mainly to insect … for cross-resistant pest development with Bt corns. This is not …

… structured refuges of non-Bt corn … costs of insect resistance to Bt proteins can be displayed
in a variety of life-history traits, such as development, survival and fecundity, 40 therefore more …

… refuges in Bt maize resistance management has not been studied to the date. To evaluate
whether alternative hosts could be useful in insect resistance management (… higher rates of …

… , and when resistance imposes a fitness cost (ie, resistant … When pyramids are used with a
refuge, insects resistant to … fields had grown more Cry3 corn and less non-Bt corn in the past …